IoT-based waste management: a new approach for smart cities

Abstract

With the increase of population density and the rural exodus to cities, urbanization is assuming extreme proportions and presents a tremendous urban problem related to waste generation. The increase of waste generation has been considered a significant challenge to urban centers worldwide and represents a critical issue for countries with accelerated population growth. Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing paradigms offer an automation possibility through cyber-physical systems that will change the way solid waste management is performed. Considering the IoT requirements, this dissertation explores a revision analysis of waste management models available in the literature, carries out a deep review of the related literature on IoT infrastructure for efficient handling of waste generated in urban scenarios, focusing on the interaction among concessionaires and waste generators (citizens) from the perspective of a shorter collection time with reduced costs as well as citizenship promotion. An IoT-based reference model is described, and a comparison analysis of the available solutions is presented with the goal to highlight the most relevant approaches and identify open research issues on the topic. Next, an integrated system is proposed. It combines identification through ultrasonic sensors and load cell sensors, location by Global Positioning System (GPS), and communication through Global System of Mobile Communications (GSM)/General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). In other words, a solution offered to provide citizens with a better disposal methodology for waste generated in their homes, besides being easily integrated with the municipal collection service to assist in efficient collection scheduling by promoting optimized routes. Finally, the integration of the system with a software layer, called Middleware, that receives the data transmitted by intelligent devices, performs the necessary treatments, and stores data. Through a mobile application developed and also via Web, data can be accessed and turn information available to users. The solution is demonstrated, validated, and it is ready for use.